Grammar: Nonfinite Verbs & Participle
非谓语动词——分词

1．分词的意义和特征
1) 分词也是一种非谓语动词，兼有动词和形容词的特征。
2) 分词可有宾语（仅限于现在分词）或状语，分词和宾语、状语一起构成分词短语。
2．分词的形式
1) 分词有现在分词和过去分词：现在分词由动词原形+ing；规则动词的过去分词由动词原形 + ed, 不规则动词的过去分词分别记忆。

2) 现在分词有一般式和完成式，有主动语态和被动语态；过去分词只有一般式，也没有主动语态。
3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：主要表现在语态和时间上。
1) 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。如：
an interesting story / the frightened little boy / a hand-written letter / an easygoingboy / a moving story / a moved audience
注：还有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的，只表示动作完成，没有被动的意味。如：a retired miner (退休的矿工)/ returned students (被退回的学生)/ fallen leaves (落叶)
2) 时间关系上不同：现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的动作往往已经完成。如：
the developing countries (发展中国家) / the developed countries (发达国家)boiling water (正在沸腾的水) / boiled water (煮过的水)

4．分词和分词短语的用法
1）作定语：
如果是单词，一般放在所修饰的名词前。
The boy likes drinking cold boiled water.     这男孩喜欢喝凉白开。
I decided to give up this boring book.      如果是分词短语，则往往放在所修饰的名词后面。
The journalist gathering news abroad will come back tomorrow.      在国外收集新闻的记者明天回来
My daughter likes the stockings (长袜) bought on last ChristmasDay.
2）作表语
This story is very interesting and instructive.
She is married.
The glasses are broken.
3）作状语：表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。
a. 表时间
Looking out of the window, I saw my assistant running here.
Walking in the street, she met a friend of hers from middleschool.
b. 表原因
Being sick, Wang Lin didn’t go to school.
Thinking that Chinese medicine might be helpful, this foreigner came to China.
c. 表方式、伴随情况或结果
Daisy came running back to tell us the good news.
The headmaster stood there waiting for the bus.
She works like a slave, hauling water, washing clothes and cooking dinners.
The child fell, striking his head against the ground and cutting it.
4）作宾语补足语
I saw your brother walking across the street alone yesterday.    我昨天看到你哥哥一人在街上走。
I heard them talking about financial problems.     我听到他们在谈论经济问题。
I found my hometown completely rebuilt.      我发现家乡整个变了样。
You had better have your watch repaired.     你最好是把你表修一下。
5．分词的否定结构：由 not + 分词构成。如：
Not knowing what to do, the students turned to their teacher.     不知道该怎么办，学生们只得求助老师。
She was angry for his not coming.
6. 现在分词的时态
1) 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在其前。
Working in the countryside, the young man has learned a lot from the peasants.
Hearing that our team won the game, we all cheered.     听到我们队赢了，我们都欢呼起来。
2) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常表示时间或原因。
Having practiced for two hours, the actress took a rest.     练了两个小时以后，这个女演员休息了一下。
Not having done it right, the boy was asked to try again.     由于做得不对，这个男孩被要求重做。
7. 现在分词的被动语态
This is one of the supermarkets being built in this area.
Being flooded, this village was cut off and had to be rescued by boat.   这个村庄正被洪水围困，阻隔了与外界的联系，只能靠船营救。
Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave.     由于一直被请求留下，我不太好离开。
Having been informed that the President would give us an audience, we made everything ready.
我们被告知，总统将接见我们，我们做好了一切准备。
8．独立主格 (absolute construction)：分词短语所表示的动作其逻辑主语和主句主语不一致，这时分词短语的逻辑主语须放在分词前面。
Weather permitting, we will go swimming.     如果天气允许，我们去游泳。
The question having been settled, the meeting was announced over.      这个问题解决了，会议宣布结束。
Their room was on the first floor, its broad window overlookingthe park.
他们的房间在一楼，宽大的窗户俯瞰公园。

第二节 Grammar