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五、状语从句
  在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫作状语从句。状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、让步等。时间状语从句常用when, as, while, after, before, as soon as, until等连词引导。地点状语从句常由连词where, wherever引导。原因状语从句常由连词 because, since, as, for, since 等引导。条件状语从句常用if, unless, even if, whether 等连词引导。目的状语从句常由so that, in order to, so as to, in order that 等连词作引导。结果状语从句常由so that, so … that, such … that 等连词引导。结果状语从句常由if、unless等连词引导等连词引导。比较状语从句常由than, as … as, not as … as等连词引导。方式状语从句常由as, as if, as though, in the way that等连词引导。让步状语从句常由though, although, even if, even though, as等连词引导。请看下面例句:
1. __C__ at Harvard , he began again to write his essay.
A. Busy was as he  B. Busy as was he C. Busy as he was  D. As was he busy
解析:该题考查的是让步状语从句的一种,由 “形容词或副词+as+主语+谓语” 构成,表示“尽管,虽然”。
2. Give me your telephone number __D__ I need your help.
A. whether  B. unless C. so that  D. in case
解析:该题考查的是条件状语从句的一种,in case用来引导条件状语从句,表示“以防万一”。
3. You won’t be able to catch the last bus __B__ you set out right now.
A. until  B. unless  C. in case  D. only if
解析:该考题考查的是条件状语从句的一种,由unless 引导,表示 “除非;如果不”。
六、动词时态
  英语动词的时态是指谓语动词用来表示动作、状态发生、存在的各种形式,或者表示某一动作发生或状态存在的时间和方式。英语中的动词共有16种时态,常用的有12种,我们在第一册书第一课的“语法”板块里已经介绍过。重点是考生要特别注意各个时态中动词的相应变化 (尤其是特殊、不规则的变化)、各个时态所表达的时间概念、常搭配的时间状语或其他副词等,这样在解题中才能够做出正确的判断。如:
1. By next year he __D__ in New York for five years.
A. has worked  B. has been working  C. works  D. will have worked
解析:以介词by引导的时间状语往往和完成时连用,如by 2008、by the end of next year、by then、by the end of 1992等。完成时还分为现在完成时、将来完成时和过去完成时。

现在完成时的时间信号是:by+现在的时间,动词采用have done的形式。
将来完成时的时间信号是:by+将来的时间,动词采用will have done的形式。
过去完成时的时间信号是:by+过去的时间,动词采用had done的形式。
2. At that time, he __B__ on a journey with his friend.
A. is  B. was  C. has been  D. is being
解析:at that time表示过去的某个时间点,所以应该用一般过去时。
七、定语从句
  定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词who, who, whose, which, that或关系副词 as, when, where, why等引导。关系副词除了其引导作用外,还在句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中充当一定的成分。考生在复习定语从句时要注意以下几点:
  1. 定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句时先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,取掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
  2. 定语从句中的关系代词that即连接先行词和从句,又指代先行词,在从句中充当成分 (主语或宾语);而同位语中的that是连词,只起连接主语和从句的作用,不再从句中充当任何成分,一般不可以省略。
  3. 由as引导的定语从句。as可指代人也可指代物,通常与the same, such, so等连用,形式为the same … as, as … as, so …as. as 在定语从句种可作主语、宾语、表语等。as还可指代整个主句,相当于and this或and that,引导非限制性定语从句,常放在句首。
  4. “介词 + which/whom” 结构。介词取决于定语从句中谓语动词与表语的搭配或先行词与介词的习惯搭配。当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which。如:
1. I am very grateful to you for what you’ve given me __B__ and you have done for me.
A. which  B. that  C. all what  D. all that
解析:all后面的定语从句只能用关系代词that来引导。类似的词还有其他不定代词,如 everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等。
2. It is said that the vest time to visit the city is June or July, __D__ the South Americanwinter cools the city.
A. where  B. which  C. on which  D. when
解析:先行词June or July是后面的定语从句中的时间状语,所以要用关系副词when来引导。
3. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, __C__ leading actor is world famous?
A. it’s  B. its  C. whose  D. which
解析:先行词the film “Titanic” 在后面的定语从句种作限定词,所以要用关系代词whose来引导,指出这些主要演员是那部影片的。

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